GLOSSARY

A B C D E F G H I J
K L M N O P Q R S T


U V W X Y Z

A

Achene
A small dry indehiscent fruit, strictly of one free carpel.
Acicle
A very slender prickle or stoutish bristle.
Actinomorphic
When a flower can be vertically split through the center in any one of several planes to produce identical parts in every case, and possesses Radial Symmetry.
Aglycone
Non-sugar part of a glycoside molecule.
Alkaloid
Naturally occurring  basic organic group of compounds containing at least one nitrogen atom in a ring structure in the molecule. Usually plant origin, physiologically active, insoluble in water, and often found in salts of organic acids.
Anther
The terminal portion of a stamen containing the pollen grains.
Aqueous
Blah
Axil
The upper angle formed by the union of the stem and the leaf.
Axillary
Growing in an axil.

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B

Baleen
Plates of horny material in the upper jaw of toothless whales used to filter food from the water.
Beak
A pointed projection.
Browser
An animal that feeds on tender young shots and leaves of trees and shrubs.

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C

Calcar
A spur of cartilage or bone at the ankle of a bat which helps to support the tail membrane.
Calcifuge
Plants that cannot tolerate calcium-rich soils, containing chalk or limestone etc.
Calcifugous
Plants that cannot tolerate calcium-rich soils, containing chalk or limestone etc.
Calyx
The outermost of the floral envelopes.
Canine
A conical tooth situated between the incisors and the cheek-teeth, particularly prominent in carnivores.
Carnassials
Blade-like cheek-teeth of carnivores adapted for chopping and shearing flesh and bone.
Cartilage
The flexible, gristly material which forms the skelton in young animals and is later mostly transformed into bone.
Catkin
A pendulous male or female inflorescence, usually downy or silky.
Cheek Teeth
The premolars and molars, the teeth behind the canines (in rodents behind the diastema).
Chromosome
Material in the cell nucleus which carries the genes.
Cusp
A projection on the surface of a tooth.
Cyme
A flower cluster of a broad and flattened type. (Picture)

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D

Deciduous
Dropping off; shedding its leaves seasonally, usually in the autumn.
Dentine
The hard bony material which forms most of the substance of a tooth.
Diastema
The space between one or more teeth in a jaw.
Digit
A finger or toe.
Diurnal
Describes an animal active mainly during the day.

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E

Elliptic
Oval but acute at each end.
Elliptical
Oval but acute at each end.
Enamel
The hard calcareous substance which covers the surface of a tooth.
Eukaryote
An organism comprising cells that have a distinct nucleus enveloped by a double membrane, and other features including double-membraned mitochondria and 80S ribosomes in the fluid of the cytoplasm. ( Oxford Dictionary of Zoology 2003). 
Euonymus (u-o-ne-mus or u-on-e-mus)
A plant. Name derived from Greek; either after Euonyme, mother of the Furies; from euonymos, (of good fame or lucky); or combined form of eu (good) and onoma (a name) meaning 'of good repute'. Has 6 well known species or varieties and several cultivars.
Europeaus (u-ro-pe-us)
Biological nomenclature meaning European.
 

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F

Family
A group of related genera.
Feral
Living in the wild. Used to describe domesticated animals which are living independently in the wild.
Filament
The stalk of an anther.
Fur
Soft, fine hairy part of the coat of a mammal.
Fusiform
A shape tapering at both ends, like a spindle - hence spindle-shaped. Latin fusus 'Spindle'.

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G

Genus
The smallest natural group containing related but distinct species.
Genera
Plural of genus. Smallest natural group containing related but distinct species.
Gestation
The period in which the young develop in the uterus of the mother.
Globose
Spherical in shape, rounded.
Glycosides
An organic substance which may be broken into two parts, one of which is always sugar.
Glycoalkaloid
An alkaloid combined with a sugar.
Grazer
An animal which feeds on growing herbs and grasses.
Guard Hair
Long, stiff hairs that project through mammalian fur, giving protection to the undercoat.

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H

Habitat
Environment in which an animal is usually found.
Hastate
Spear shaped.
Hibernation
A long, winter sleep in which the animal's temperature lowers and its bodily functions are slowed.
Hispid
Clothed with stiff hairs or bristles.

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I

Incisors
Front teeth, situated in front of the canines.
Incumbent
Overlapping.
Infusoria
Water-borne microscopic and near-microscopic animals that thrive in freshwater ponds and some stagnant water sources. These animals are often preyed upon by other small animals such as fish fry or tadpoles.
Involucre
Whorl of bracts enclosing a number of flowers.

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J

Jaundice
A condition which is caused by excessive amounts of bilirubin in the blood and is characterized by yellowness of the skin and body secretions.

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K

Keel
The lower petal or petals when shaped like the keel of a boat.
Keeled
The lower petal or petals when shaped like the keel on a boat.
Kingdom
Taxonomic term to categorize the highest level of grouping for living organisms (not counting the Dominions). The members of any one Kingdom share certain fundamental characteristics. There are five basic kingdoms: animals, plants, fungi, single-celled bacteria and algae, and the larger algae and protozoans.

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L

Labellum
The lower part of certain flowers particularly orchids.
Layering
Vegetative propagation. An attached stem from the main plant in contact with the soil produces roots, which in time become a separate new plant.
Labyrinth  Organ
This organ appears in fish of the Anabantoidai suborder. It is an organ that allows the fish to take in oxygen from the air, which they can take in addition to the oxygen derived from water via the gills. It is described as being a much-folded suprabranchial accessory. The first gill arch epibranchial bone is expanded by vacularization after hatching, gradually developing as the fish ages to maturity. The organ enables the oxygen to become absorbed by the bloodstream.
Litter
Offspring from a single birth.

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M

Membranous
Thin, dry and semi-transparent.
Molars
Posterior cheek teeth, not preceded by 'milk teeth'.

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N

Nectary
The honey gland of a flower.
Nocturnal
An animal active mainly at night.

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O

Obovate
Inversely ovate. (Picture)
Obtuse
Blunt.
Oval
Broadly eliptic, egg-shaped. (Picture)
Ovate
Egg-shaped.
Ovate-oblong
Egg-shaped, but much longer than broad.
Ovoid
Of a solid object which is egg-shaped in outline.

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P

Palea
The inner bract or glume of a grass; the chaffy scales on the receptacle in many species of the Compositae.
Peduncle
The stalk supporting either a flower or flower-cluster.
Premolars
Cheek teeth between the canines and molars, preceded by 'milk teeth'.
Prey
An animal taken by a predator as food.
Prokaryote
A single-celled organism in which the cell lacks a true nucleus and the DNA is present as a loop in the cytoplasm, rather than in chromosomes bounded by a nuclear membrane. ( Oxford Dictionary of Zoology 2003). 
 

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Q

Quinsy
Abscesses surrounding a tonsil.

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R

Raceme
An unbranched infloresence with flowers borne on equal pedicles.
Rufescent
Reddish in colouration.

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S

Saccate
Pouched.
Sedentary
Sella
Central part of the nose leaf in horse-shoe bats, below the lancet.
Sessile
Species
Steppe

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T

Teeth
Botanical: Small marginal lobes.
Tragus
Fleshy lobe growing up from the lower part of the ear in bats.
Tusk
Enlarged tooth, usually a canine, although an incisor in the narwhale.

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U

Umbel
Botanical: A type of Inflorescence in which equal pedicles proceed from a common centre.

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V

Valvate
When parts of a flower bud meet but do not overlap.
Varieties
Taxonomic reference to living organisms that are of the same genus and species but have some differentiation that makes them different from the typical. Often formed through hybridization. Domestic dogs and carrots are good examples of typical species incorporating varieties.
Variety
Taxonomic reference to living organisms that are of the same genus and species but have some differentiation that makes them different from the typical. Often formed through hybridization. Domestic dogs and carrots are good examples of typical species incorporating varieties.
Velvet
Soft hairy material covering and nourishing growing antlers. When fully formed the animal usually rubs the velvet off.

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W

Whorl
A ring of leaves or flowers around a stem at the same level as each other.
Whorled
A ring of leaves or flowers around a stem at the same level as each other.

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X

Xerophyte
A plant adapted to arid conditions.

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Y

Yellow Fever
Serious infectious tropical disease.

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Z

Zygomorphic
When a flower can be split into two identical halves through one plane only and possesses Bilateral symmetry.
Zygomorphy
A flower which can only be split into two halves through one plane often due to differences in size and shape of petals and/or sepals as in the Pea or snapdragon. such a flower is said to be Irregular.

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